Saturday, December 15, 2012

Close Reading #4


Mourn, and take action on guns


http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/14/opinion/zuckerman-connecticut-shootings/index.html?hpt=op_t1

     On the morning of Friday, December 14th, a tragic elementary school shooting took place in Newtown, Connecticut. News regarding the incident was updated at an hourly basis. In the midst of numerous articles, an editorial written by Ethan Zuckerman went viral on CNN. While many writers took a stand either on the gun policy or mourn, Zuckerman was able to argue for both; throughout his editorial, one can see and feel the specific detail, perfect word choice, and strong syntax supporting his debate on how the people should balance both mourning and action from the tragedy.
     According to statistics in the past, "2012 is likely to be the worst year for mass gun violence in U.S History." Zuckerman's first few paragraphs list previous shooting incidents in the states with precise detail. He states that "homicide rates are going down, while shootings are increasing ... 47% increase over 2001." By including other factors of death and numerical data, Zuckerman is able to reach his point within the beginning of his article: nothing has improved. Zuckerman doesn't only provide detail with statistics, he brings out information that are buried under politics. For instance, he gathers perspectives from all sides including the National Rifle Association, lobbying groups, and the U.S convention. Zuckerman paraphrases with evoking detail of their excuses regarding the gun laws. This is evident when he describes U.S as "too polarized or divided to make any meaningful chances to our broken and inadequate gun laws." The adjectives he uses to describe each word in his sentence provides enough detail for the people to feel guilty.
     For Zuckerman's belief of both taking action and mourning to happen, the article must be intriguing and evoking. His article seems to do just that by his perfect word choice. In the beginning, he uses informal diction by writing in first person and involving the social network, Facebook, to reach out towards the readers. He uses words like "tragedy" instead of massacre which sounds much sympathetic. By doing so, it allows for more agreements that "there is no better way to mourn these senseless deaths than to demand we change our laws". Towards the end of his writing, Zuckerman uses strong, persuasive diction to draw in the readers. He "urges you to ignore those calls," calls that demand for a time to mourn rather than debate about gun laws. He makes his point clear that in order to prevent anymore innocent deaths, people should do both at once.
     Many syntactic sentences are found within his arguments. In order to balance mourning and taking action, he uses literary structures to provide emphasis. In his phrase, "so long as we assume gun control is impossible, we don't talk about gun control. So long as we don't talk about gun control, gun control is impossible" has anadiplosis, anaphora, and parallelism. All three of these literary elements contribute to a stronger voice in Zuckerman's writing. Another use of syntax in his article is, "NRA's most powerful weapon is not campaigns, primary battles, nor political advertising. It's silence." This is a common use of syntax; most often used to provide emphasis by placing the most important last. When reading this quote, it allows that fact to sink into the readers. By using simple syntactic structures, Zuckerman provides in-depth reasoning and arguments to support his opinion.
     In response to Zuckerman's editorial, some may still just mourn, just fight for law change, and some may do both. Zuckerman does a phenomenal job supporting his opinion with more than enough detail, diction, and syntax. He believes that the only way this incident could differ from other shootings is by the outcome. By using literary elements to voice his opinion, it will influence many to take charge of not only the innocent deaths that occurred on Friday, but past tragedies that were lost in silence as well.
   

Saturday, December 8, 2012

Open Prompt 12/9/2012

1981. The meaning of some literary works is often enhanced by sustained allusion to myths, the Bible, or other works of literature. Select a literary work that makes use of such a sustained reference. Then write a well-organized essay in which you explain the allusion that predominates in the work and analyze how it enhances the work's meaning.

     According to Thomas C. Foster, when in doubt, literature is enhanced by sustained allusion to myths, the Bible, or even other works of Literature. In that case, one can assume that Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller contains allusions from one of the parables in the Bible. The relationship between Willy Loman, Biff, and Happy relate to the prodigal son. With the surface meaning from the parable, Biff resembles the prodigal son, which leads Willy with higher expectations in addition to character contrast that enhances the plot of the Death of a Salesman.
     When comparing the play with the parable, the play follows the surface story and meaning of the parable with slight changes. In the parable, the son leaves to live off on his own and comes back after facing reality. This corresponds to Biff leaving at an early age to the west and living on a farm. He arrives not because his perspective on reality was wrong, but because his father's perspective was wrong. Biff doesn't directly state that until the very end, but the audience is able to see that with Biff's arrival, Willy has mixed feelings but higher expectations for him. Willy's higher expectations, to him, references the feast that the father held for his  long lost son. Because Willy rarely faces reality, he thinks that the higher expectations will make Biff into a greater person. Through this incident, the story unfolds with Biff being forced into the business world. 
     The allusion to the parable also creates a contrast between Biff and Happy. According to the Bible, as the son arrives, the other son dares to ask his father why he's full of joy. He finds it unfair that he's been by his father's side the whole time period, but his brother gets the attention. In response, the father says that everything already belongs to the son that stayed with him. This connects perfectly to Happy and Biff. Throughout the play, it's obvious to see that Happy doesn't receive his parent's love. In fact, Happy is a very passive character who continues to joke and keep peace within his family. While Biff is gone, Willy doesn't expect much from him because he has stayed and is settled in the business environment. Moreover, When the father in the parable says that everything belongs to this son already, one can see that all the "belongings" in the play is Willy's personality itself. Happy resembles all the traits of Willy: business world, many women in his surroundings, and false dreams. With this aspect in the play, it provides the readers with deeper understanding of Willy and both his sons.
    Most importantly, the "inheritance" given to the leaving son in the beginning of the parable appears at the end of Death of a Salesman; this reference to the parable serves as an important purpose in the play. Unlike the parable, Biff never asks Willy for his inheritance but it's still given. That is because Willy leaves near the end of the play to kill himself and get his family the insurance money. In reference to the parable, Willy's "inheritance" is the price of his life. With the slight change in sequence between the two stories, Death of a Salesman ends with a powerful message. Through his death "inheritance", one can analyse Willy's character which further explains his relationship with people throughout his life.
     Although the biblical allusion isn't vividly evident, it's hard to ignore it. The correspondence between the parable of the prodigal and Death of a Salesman helps readers compare and see from the point of an outside source. Willy's relationship with people, his false dreams/ expectations, and the contrast between the Loman brothers serve as a recurring topic in the play. Willy's materialistic views are displayed all throughout the similarities from the parable. By comparing the play to the parable, it enhances the play's meaning by emphasizing the theme of  the American dream.
     

Monday, December 3, 2012

Death of a Salesman-- Summary & Analysis

Arthur Miller (1915-2005:

  • American Playwright and Essayist.
  • Wrote numerous famous plays: Death of Salesman, Crucible, All my sons
  • Three marriages:  Inge Morath, Marilyn Monroe, Mary Slattery
  • attended University of Michigan
Setting:

  • Willy's home: kitchen, bedroom, garden/yard
  • Howard & Charlie's office
  • Hotel room
  • Restaurant
Plot:

  • Willy is a Salesman who lives with his wife and sons in the suburb region of New York.
  • Willy works on commission, but none of his sons know.
  • Willy and his sons were "best buds" in the past, but after Biff found out about Willy's affair, he quit football & summer school and left to the west; they are not in good terms.
  • He misses Biff when Biff is out west for his own good, but do not get along when Biff comes home.
  • Willy does not believe in the opportunities in the West and wants both his sons to work in the Business world
  • Every so often Ben, Willy's brother appears as an illusion/ past memory and persuades Willy to do things Linda is against: leave to Alaska, die for insurance money
  • When Biff realizes that Willy is acting weird and odd, he decided to listen to Willy and go into business with the help of Oliver
  • As Willy finds this out, he decides to ask his Boss, Howard, to keep his traveling close-by. Howard neglects Willy and fires him.
  •  Willy usually asks Charlie, his friend, for money but rejects his help to provide him a job due to his pride. 
  • Willy and his sons plan to meet at Frank Chop's restaurant and there, he finds out that Biff's meeting with Oliver failed. Willy continues to blame everyone else of his wrong doings and his sons leave him alone at the restaurant while Willy has a flashback of his affair.
  • throughout the story, Linda continuously supports Willy. As she finds out what happens, she is outraged and the family argument starts. 
  • Biff yells out his mind while Willy continually denies his fault; Linda does not know about the affair nor why they are always fighting. 
  • at the end of the argument, Ben appears for the last time and persuades him to leave for his family. In the end, Willy follows Ben and gets into a "accident" and Linda is able to free her family from house payments with the insurance money.
  • The last scene is at Willy's grave. Linda is still uncertain about her feelings and audience question her character of loving Willy so dearly.

Characters:

  • Willy Loman(60)
    • Salesman (doesn't specify what he sells, but started because of an old man)
    • Father of Biff and Happy
    • Had several affairs
    • travels long distance for work
    • works on commission
    • attempts to suicide (rubber hose, accidents)
    • has false dreams for himself and Biff
    • illusions of Ben & past memories are played out in Willy's point of view
  • Linda Loman
    • Willy's wife; Biff and Happy's mother
    • loves Willy to the extreme
    • Appears strong on the outside but fragile inside
    • (story doesn't mention if she knows about Willy's affairs)
    • indirectly manipulative (she decided Willy to stay and not follow Ben)
    • main woman in the story
  • Biff Loman(~30)
    • first son of Willy and Linda
    • only one in the story that knows about his father's affair
    • football player
    • habit of stealing
    • ends up not going to college; he goes out west and works on a farm
    • one in the play that doesn't chase after false dreams
    • short-tempered
  • Happy Loman (>/=30)
    • rarely serious
    • "Willy Jr."
    • goes along with whoever and whatever
    • has many girls 
    • also has false dreams
    • lies to cover up
    • stayed home while Biff was out west
    • doesn't really know family situation
  • Charlie
    • neighbor
    • only friend of Willy
    • knows Willy very well
    • father of Bernard
    • owns a business
    • Willy gets money from Charlie, but doesn't want his help at the same time
  • Bernard 
    • Same age as Biff
    • nerd at school
    • "liked, but not well liked"
    • he's the one that becomes successful
    • doesn't know why Biff quit going to college
    • lawyer(?) (mentioned supreme court)
  • Howard
    • Willy's boss
    • much younger than Willy
    • fires Willy
    • He indirectly insults Willy 
    • looks down on women
  • Ben (~16/17 years older than Willy)
    • Older brother of Willy
    • appears in Willy's memories and illusions
    • left home to search for his father in Alaska but ended up in Africa?
    • went into the jungle & came out rich
    • leads Willy to die for insurance at the end
Author's Style:

  • Symbolism
    • Stockings: betrayal; Willy gives stockings to The Woman while Linda sews her old stockings together. Biff sees the affair and cries that "Dad gave mommy's stockings"
    • Seeds: represents Willy himself. When nothing's planted, he also sees that his bearings (sons) weren't raised well. It also shows that Willy is better off with his hands than selling.
    • House: captivity; Linda and Willy always worry about how much money is short to pay for mortgage. They find freedom when it becomes theirs
    • Brand-names: symbolizes the American Dream. Materialistic and Capitalistic; no one cares what their made of, as long as it's famous and looks good (appearance)
    • Diamonds: wealth that Willy desires but is never able to achieve.
  • Point of View
    • No particular narrative voice throughout the play, but Willy's past memories play a role in the point of view. Most of the plot evolves around Willy: Willy's work, affair, sons, wife, and dream. At some parts of the play, we can see Biff and Linda's emotional thoughts subtly . It's safe to say that audience see everything else according to Willy's thoughts and attitude.
  • Imagery
    • kitchen setting with appliances
    • Biff's sneakers printed with Virginia
    • Biff's promise to make a touchdown and lift his helmet for Willy
    • detailed description from Linda about the rubber hose in the basement
    • description of Hotel scene
    • Willy's graveyard
  • Tone
    • sympathetic: The main idea of DOS is Willy's false materialistic dream. people are able to sympathize with Willy as he feels abandoned even though at times, (I think he deserved it). 
    • ridicule/ mocking: We can see the unrealistic dreams and desires Willy is holding on to. At times, characters in the play such as Howard is shown mocking Willy indirectly.
    • Sincerity: Biff knows what his father's desires are and how pathetic Willy sounds. Audience see the sincerity in Biff when he decides to work as a salesman and when he cries in Willy's arms. Linda is also very sincere with her love for Willy throughout the story.
Theme:
  • American Dream/Materialistic/ Betrayal: Willy's dream and the importance of brand names, appearance, and social relations all relate to the idealistic american dream. Betrayal is another theme in DOS because it is an ongoing trend. Linda was betrayed by Willy with his affairs and Willy also feels betrayed by his sons, who don't listen to him and his father and brother Ben who left him at such an early age. Something realistic that Willy cannot cope with. 

Sunday, December 2, 2012

Response to Course Material #4

     This course material simply covers two grand topics: Death of a Salesman and the start of Hamlet. After my latest response to course material, we finished watching Salesman twice in addition to class discussions and Arthur Miller's commentaries. I really don't have much to talk about Hamlet because it's very very difficult to understand as of now. If it wasn't for Ms. Holmes paraphrasing and overview of important scenes, it would be complete gibberish to me.
     I really enjoyed watching Saleman before annotating. It felt much different from the American Dream, where I would have to imagine my own settings and people. I noticed that during discussions, many of my classmates had similar opinions with me. The way our class couldn't understand Willy's purpose and personality nor Happy's obnoxious comments were things that will help me remember the play even better. I liked how we listed many, many symbols we saw throughout the play and connected them with each other; it really helped me during annotations (something I started on as soon as I could). It was also pretty interesting to see how Albee's play and Arthur's play had similar theme and connections, only with different style and perspectives. I think i'll remember this whole materialistic/ capitalistic phase in America for the rest of my life.
     On to Hamlet; it's difficult. I'm already worried about annotations not only because its longer than the other two plays, but because I CAN'T UNDERSTAND IT (well, thanks to Ms. Holmes, it's not as bad). Honestly, I never really had interests in Shakespeare's plays; hence the reason why I took American Literature and not Brit lit... This could be because I only read Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare. I'm still looking forward to  Hamlet, just not with the greatest expectations. So far, it's interesting. The whole meaning behind the land feud, ghost, Ophelia & Hamlet's relationship, the intimacy of the closet... I have the kings all straightened up in my head even though they call them by their country (synecdoche), rather than their name.  I'm hoping that I make many more connections and notes throughout the play; I'll desperately need them for the future.
     This course material didn't have a lot of small assignments and notes, instead it was these two topics; the workload was still equivalent. As I look forward to reading and finishing more of Hamlet, I hope I'm not the only one struggling (hehoho).

~ 'tis the season to start worrying for AP Lit finals... sigh